電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)是(shi)當代主要的(de)(de)能(neng)源(yuan)形(xing)式(shi)，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)也(ye)(ye)日(ri)益顯(xian)現(xian)。如今，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷日(ri)趨復雜化(hua)和多樣(yang)化(hua)，相應的(de)(de)，帶來(lai)的(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)靜態電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁干擾問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)成(cheng)為用戶關注的(de)(de)焦點。計算(suan)機，微處(chu)理器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子和電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)(bei)被大量使(shi)用，這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)設備(bei)(bei)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系中暫(zan)態問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)靈敏程(cheng)(cheng)度和對供電(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠(kao)性的(de)(de)依賴(lai)程(cheng)(cheng)度也(ye)(ye)變得越來(lai)越高(gao)。因為這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量不可(ke)避免成(cheng)為了如今的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)關鍵。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)是指電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的質(zhi)量(liang)。理想(xiang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)應該是對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)的正弦波。一些因素會使波形偏離(li)對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)正弦，由此便產生了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)問題。一方(fang)面(mian)(mian)我們(men)研究存在哪些影響因素會導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)問題，一方(fang)面(mian)(mian)我們(men)研究這些因素會導致哪些方(fang)面(mian)(mian)的問題，我們(men)要研究如何規避(bi)這些因素，從而使電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)接(jie)近正弦波。
電能(neng)質量(liang)內容分為(wei)兩(liang)大類:“穩(wen)態(tai)”和(he)“暫(zan)/瞬(shun)態(tai)”。國標中涉(she)及的:諧波、頻率、電壓不(bu)平(ping)衡(heng)度(du)、電壓偏差屬“穩(wen)態(tai)”;電壓波動和(he)閃變(bian)、暫(zan)時(shi)(shi)過電壓和(he)瞬(shun)態(tai)過電壓、電壓驟升、驟降、短時(shi)(shi)斷電屬“瞬(shun)態(tai)”。
本篇文章主要討(tao)論諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)問(wen)題及(ji)其(qi)治(zhi)理方法。諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)是(shi)指(zhi)對周期性非正(zheng)弦交流量(liang)進(jin)行(xing)傅里葉*數計算所得到的大(da)于(yu)基(ji)波(bo)(bo)頻率整數倍的各次(ci)分量(liang)，通常稱為(wei)高次(ci)諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)，而基(ji)波(bo)(bo)是(shi)指(zhi)其(qi)頻率與工頻(50Hz)相(xiang)同(tong)的分量(liang)。
諧波具有以下危害。
1)由(you)于(yu)諧(xie)波的(de)存在，增加(jia)了(le)系統(tong)中(zhong)元件的(de)附加(jia)諧(xie)波損耗，降低發電、輸電及用(yong)電設備的(de)使用(yong)效率。大量的(de)3次諧(xie)波流過(guo)中(zhong)線時，會使線路過(guo)熱甚*發生火災。
2)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)影(ying)響(xiang)各種電(dian)氣(qi)設備，特別是電(dian)機(ji)類設備的(de)正(zheng)常工作(zuo)。諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)對旋(xuan)轉電(dian)機(ji)和(he)變壓(ya)(ya)器的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，首(shou)先主要(yao)是引起附加損(sun)耗(hao)，諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)電(dian)流流過電(dian)機(ji)和(he)變壓(ya)(ya)器時，將會(hui)增(zeng)加鐵心損(sun)耗(hao)以及銅損(sun)，引起過熱。諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)損(sun)耗(hao)對變壓(ya)(ya)器的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)通常要(yao)大于(yu)對電(dian)機(ji)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，比如電(dian)弧爐變壓(ya)(ya)器由于(yu)熔煉過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)電(dian)流的(de)劇烈波(bo)動(dong)(dong)，造成壽命的(de)明顯(xian)縮短(duan)。諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)對旋(xuan)轉電(dian)機(ji)和(he)變壓(ya)(ya)器的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)其次是產生(sheng)機(ji)械振動(dong)(dong)、噪聲和(he)諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)過電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。當諧(xie)(xie)波(bo)頻(pin)率接(jie)近電(dian)機(ji)的(de)固有(you)振動(dong)(dong)頻(pin)率時，會(hui)引起電(dian)機(ji)的(de)強烈
振動。這些影響可能縮短電機壽命，甚*損(sun)壞電機。諧波電流引起(qi)的附(fu)加損(sun)耗通常折算(suan)成等值的基頻負序(xu)電流來進行(xing)估(gu)算(suan)。
3)電(dian)力系統中電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)的(de)應用可能會導致的(de)諧(xie)振，是一個需要非常重(zhong)視的(de)問題(ti)。當諧(xie)波(bo)頻率(lv)與輸電(dian)系統固有的(de)特(te)征頻率(lv)重(zhong)合時，可能會放(fang)大(da)諧(xie)波(bo)分量，產生非常大(da)的(de)電(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)流。這導致設備的(de)附加(jia)損耗和(he)發熱(re)，縮短(duan)電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)壽命(ming)，以致造成設備故障。大(da)量調查表(biao)明，電(dian)容器(qi)(qi)和(he)與之串聯的(de)電(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)的(de)燒毀在(zai)諧(xie)波(bo)引起的(de)事故中約占75%。
4)諧(xie)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)流除了(le)會(hui)增加繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)發熱(re)和(he)損耗之外(wai)，還會(hui)導致動(dong)作特性改變(bian)，以致造成(cheng)保護裝置的(de)拒動(dong)或誤動(dong)。比如(ru)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁型電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)為例，當含諧(xie)波的(de)畸變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)作用(yong)于繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)時(shi)，動(dong)作值總是比繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)剛好動(dong)作的(de)基波分量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)合理值大，即過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)有可能出現(xian)拒動(dong)，而欠電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)則可能誤功。此(ci)外(wai)，在(zai)動(dong)態(tai)情況下，如(ru)投入空教變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)時(shi)會(hui)產生諸波含量(liang)很高的(de)勵(li)磁涌流，造成(cheng)繼(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)誤動(dong)作而使開關跳閘。
利用(yong)設置作為諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)源(yuan)的非線性(xing)負荷(he)附近的無源(yuan)濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(PassiveFilter, PF)即由濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)適(shi)當(dang)組合而成的并聯濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)裝置來控制(zhi)諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。通(tong)常將產(chan)生(sheng)諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的負荷(he)看做是諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)源(yuan)。無源(yuan)濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的作用(yong)是為諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)i提供一個低阻(zu)抗(kang)(kang)的通(tong)路或(huo)諧(xie)振回路，通(tong)過分(fen)(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)非線性(xing)負荷(he)所(suo)產(chan)生(sheng)的諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)來減少流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)isH。根據結構不同，無源(yuan)濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為帶通(tong)濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(包括單(dan)調諧(xie)濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、雙調諧(xie)濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、三調諧(xie)濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi))、高通(tong)濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、C型阻(zu)尼濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和橋式濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等。無源(yuan)濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)有以下特點(dian)。*點(dian)：無源(yuan)濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)有結構簡(jian)單(dan)、成本低廉、運(yun)行可(ke)靠性(xing)較高、運(yun)行費用(yong)較低。
缺點：通帶內(nei)的信號有(you)損耗，負載(zai)效應比(bi)較明顯，使用電感(gan)元件時容易引起電磁感(gan)應，當電感(gan)L較大時濾(lv)波器的體積和重量(liang)都比(bi)較大，在(zai)低頻域不適用。
為了(le)應(ying)對(dui)日益(yi)復雜的(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)波補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)問題，隨著(zhu)電力電子技術的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展而產生的(de)(de)(de)有(you)源濾(lv)波器逐漸被廣(guang)泛應(ying)用。有(you)源電力濾(lv)波器（Active Power Filter，簡(jian)稱APF）是一種用于動(dong)態(tai)治理諧(xie)波、補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)無(wu)功的(de)(de)(de)新型電力電子裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，它(ta)能(neng)夠對(dui)大小和頻率都變化的(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)波以及變化的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)功進行補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)。有(you)源濾(lv)波器之所以稱為有(you)源，顧名思義該(gai)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)需要(yao)提供電源（用以補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)主電路的(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)波），其應(ying)用可克服LC濾(lv)波器等傳統的(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)波治理和無(wu)功補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)方法的(de)(de)(de)缺點（傳統的(de)(de)(de)只能(neng)固定補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)），實現了(le)動(dong)態(tai)跟蹤補(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)，而且可以既(ji)補(bu)諧(xie)波又補(bu)無(wu)功。
安(an)科瑞是上海安(an)科瑞電氣股(gu)份有限公司(si)的簡稱，是一(yi)家集研(yan)發、生(sheng)產、銷售于一(yi)體(ti)的高科技股(gu)份制企業(ye)。公司(si)具(ju)有豐富的有源電力濾(lv)波器的生(sheng)產和應用經驗，在(zai)電能(neng)質量方面致力于服務客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)，為客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)創(chuang)造價(jia)值。
安科瑞相關產品：
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