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預付費平臺關于電改政策的設計與應用
2021-08-01 13:39:32
趙雨
541

  前言

  國家發展(zhan)改革(ge)委正式印發了《關于組織(zhi)開(kai)展(zhan)電(dian)網企業(ye)代理購(gou)電(dian)工(gong)作有關事項的通知(zhi)(zhi)》(以(yi)下簡稱《通知(zhi)(zhi)》)。《通知(zhi)(zhi)》要求組織(zhi)開(kai)展(zhan)電(dian)網企業(ye)代理購(gou)電(dian)工(gong)作。

  要堅持(chi)市場方向(xiang),要加強政策銜(xian)接(jie),有規范(fan)透(tou)明實施。規范(fan)電(dian)(dian)網企業代(dai)理購(gou)電(dian)(dian)方式流程(cheng)。

  關鍵詞:代理購電;預付費;電價改革;電力市場

  一、背景分析

  代(dai)理購電(dian)(dian)是對暫未直接從電(dian)(dian)力市場購電(dian)(dian)的(de)工(gong)商業(ye)用(yong)戶,由電(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)以代(dai)理方式從電(dian)(dian)力市場進行購電(dian)(dian)。

  傳統模式下,電(dian)(dian)網企(qi)(qi)業是(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)為購(gou)(gou)買(mai)方向發(fa)電(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業購(gou)(gou)電(dian)(dian),然后,再作(zuo)(zuo)為銷(xiao)售方向用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)售電(dian)(dian),用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)的(de)是(shi)(shi)“電(dian)(dian)網企(qi)(qi)業的(de)電(dian)(dian)”,價格按(an)政府(fu)主管部門核定的(de)目錄(lu)電(dian)(dian)價執行,獲取的(de)是(shi)(shi)購(gou)(gou)銷(xiao)差(cha)價;代理購(gou)(gou)電(dian)(dian)模式下,用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)的(de)是(shi)(shi)“發(fa)電(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業的(de)電(dian)(dian)”,價格按(an)市(shi)場形成的(de)價格執行,沒有(you)了購(gou)(gou)銷(xiao)差(cha)價。只(zhi)不(bu)過,該(gai)購(gou)(gou)電(dian)(dian)行為不(bu)是(shi)(shi)由(you)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)完成的(de),而(er)是(shi)(shi)由(you)代理人電(dian)(dian)網企(qi)(qi)業代自(zi)己實施的(de)。

  自2015年中(zhong)發9號文出臺(tai)以來(lai),國(guo)家發改委按照“管住中(zhong)間、放開(kai)兩頭”總體(ti)思路,深入推進(jin)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場(chang)化改革,全面完成了(le)輸配電(dian)(dian)價改革工(gong)(gong)作,逐步放開(kai)發用(yong)電(dian)(dian)競爭(zheng)性環節價格,穩步開(kai)展電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現貨市場(chang)建設,電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)體(ti)制改革工(gong)(gong)作取得重(zhong)大進(jin)展。今年以來(lai),我(wo)國(guo)煤(mei)炭、電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)消費快速(su)增長,供需持續偏(pian)緊,煤(mei)炭價格大幅上漲,能源供應緊張環境下,電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場(chang)發現價格、引導用(yong)戶合理用(yong)電(dian)(dian)的作用(yong)還未充分顯現。

  為了(le)保障電(dian)(dian)力安(an)全供應、加速(su)推動電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)改革,國家發(fa)改委(wei)研(yan)究出(chu)臺了(le)1439號文,進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步深化(hua)燃煤(mei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)形成機(ji)制(zhi),一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面有(you)序放(fang)開全部燃煤(mei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)量進(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面推動工商(shang)(shang)業(ye)用戶(hu)全面進(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。考慮到我國有(you)近(jin)5000萬戶(hu)的工商(shang)(shang)業(ye)用戶(hu),一(yi)(yi)(yi)次性(xing)全部進(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)比較困(kun)難,為了(le)確保電(dian)(dian)價(jia)改革政策(ce)平穩實(shi)施,國家發(fa)改委(wei)研(yan)究制(zhi)定了(le)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)代(dai)(dai)理(li)購(gou)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)制(zhi),對(dui)于尚未直接進(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的工商(shang)(shang)業(ye)用戶(hu)暫(zan)由電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)代(dai)(dai)理(li)購(gou)電(dian)(dian),當用戶(hu)具備自主進(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的時候可以選擇進(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。通(tong)過建立(li)代(dai)(dai)理(li)購(gou)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)制(zhi),一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面不會影響用戶(hu)的用電(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)式,確保用戶(hu)在無能力無條件進(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的情況下由電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)代(dai)(dai)理(li)購(gou)電(dian)(dian),另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面代(dai)(dai)理(li)購(gou)電(dian)(dian)的用戶(hu)能夠通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)實(shi)時感(gan)受市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)價(jia)格波動信號,合(he)理(li)調整用電(dian)(dian)行為。

  新(xin)政(zheng)取消工(gong)商業(ye)目錄銷售電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)后(hou),用戶可(ke)以選(xuan)擇(ze)進入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang),直接(jie)向發電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)或售電(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(參與市(shi)場(chang)),按市(shi)場(chang)形(xing)成的(de)交易電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)順加輸(shu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)、政(zheng)府基金(jin)及附加后(hou),根據分時(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)和兩部制電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)情況交納(na)(na)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費;也(ye)可(ke)以選(xuan)擇(ze)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業(ye)代理購電(dian)(dian)(dian),按電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業(ye)公(gong)布的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)繳(jiao)納(na)(na)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費。

  二、預付費平臺關于電改政策的設計和應用

  平臺配合我司(si)預付費智能(neng)電表(biao),做到一戶一表(biao)、遠程自(zi)動抄表(biao)、電費預充值、電表(biao)實時計量扣費、欠費自(zi)動跳閘。

  可(ke)以對每個租戶或(huo)者商鋪根(gen)據供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)局(ju)給(gei)出的指導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)設置用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單價(jia)(jia)。不僅(jin)支持單一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia),也可(ke)支持多時(shi)(shi)區多時(shi)(shi)段的尖峰平(ping)谷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。用(yong)(yong)戶先充值再用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)根(gen)據設置的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)實時(shi)(shi)計量扣(kou)費,余額扣(kou)完電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)自(zi)動跳閘(zha),充值自(zi)動上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。平(ping)臺自(zi)動抄表(biao)(biao),每戶每月(yue)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費都清晰可(ke)查,幫助物業統計用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情(qing)況。

2-1軟硬件拓撲圖(tu)

  電(dian)價政策各(ge)地執行情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)不(bu)同(tong),每月都(dou)會浮動調整,大致可以(yi)分為(wei)兩種情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)

  1、電價提前發布

  比(bi)如12月份(fen)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)能(neng)在(zai)11月份(fen)就(jiu)知道(dao),這時針(zhen)對預(yu)付費電(dian)(dian)(dian)表就(jiu)需要在(zai)月底(di)調整電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia),在(zai)預(yu)付費系統中(zhong)可以批(pi)量修改電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia),同時一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)都是在(zai)每月1號零點修改,為(wei)了方便物業操作,還可以設置電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)下(xia)(xia)發時間,到時自(zi)動將電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)下(xia)(xia)發給電(dian)(dian)(dian)表。

  2、電價滯后發布

  供電局月(yue)底才會(hui)告(gao)知當月(yue)電價(jia),這時再改電價(jia)已經沒有意義。

  應(ying)對方案:電費退補

  1.在平(ping)臺(tai)查詢上個月用(yong)(yong)電量,并計算出用(yong)(yong)電金額

  2.系統根據用戶(hu)輸入的*新電價算出(chu)差價,并將(jiang)差額批量退補給業主

  三、預付費平臺配套儀表

3-1單相預付(fu)費電能表

3-2三相預付費電能表(biao)

  1.支持全(quan)電力參數測量(U、I、P、Q、S、PF、F);

  2.支持雙向(xiang)有功、無功電(dian)能計(ji)(ji)量,并支持兩套時(shi)段表(biao)、4個時(shi)區、14個日(ri)時(shi)段、4種(zhong)費率(lv)的(de)復費率(lv)電(dian)能統計(ji)(ji);

  3.支持4種*大需量及(ji)發生時間統計(ji)(ji)和實時需量計(ji)(ji)算(suan);

  4.支持上(shang)12月及(ji)上(shang)31日歷史電(dian)能(neng)(包含(han)各(ge)費率(lv)總有功電(dian)能(neng)及(ji)剩余金(jin)額);

  5.支持充值記錄存儲包含(han)充值時(shi)間、充值金(jin)額、當前用電量及充值后剩余(yu)金(jin)額;

  6.支(zhi)持兩路開關量輸出;

  7.內(nei)置100A大容(rong)量磁保持繼(ji)電(dian)器,可實現內(nei)部分合閘;

  8.液晶中文顯示,背光延時關閉時間可設;液晶除顯示電參量、電能值外,還可以顯示當前余額(e)、電價、報警(jing)金額(e)等預付參數;

  9.支(zhi)持紅(hong)外通訊和背光;

  10.Modbus RTU規約/DL/T645-07規約可(ke)自適應,兩路(lu)485可(ke)獨立設(she)置,亦可(ke)使用不同協議;波特率1200bps-19200bps可(ke)設(she),奇偶校驗位可(ke)設(she);

  11.充值(zhi)方式:支持刷卡充值(zhi)控制和(he)遠程刷卡控制;

  12.控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)式:內置(zhi)磁保持繼電器(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)或外接斷路器(qi)控(kong)制(zhi);

  13.預付費(fei)功(gong)能(neng):支(zhi)持(chi)金額充值和電(dian)(dian)價(jia)設置(zhi)(電(dian)(dian)價(jia)可設尖峰(feng)平谷四(si)個電(dian)(dian)價(jia),可實現分時(shi)計費(fei)功(gong)能(neng),電(dian)(dian)價(jia)可精確到0.0001元);支(zhi)持(chi)余(yu)額不足報(bao)警、預跳報(bao)警、欠費(fei)報(bao)警、和賒欠上(shang)線報(bao)警四(si)*報(bao)警、預調報(bao)警可臨時(shi)斷電(dian)(dian),斷電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間可設置(zhi)。

  14.時(shi)控功能:支持8個(ge)日時(shi)段設(she)置(zhi)(zhi),電(dian)表(biao)每個(ge)時(shi)段可分別設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)為跳閘或(huo)合作(zuo)狀態(tai)。

  15.負控功(gong)(gong)能:支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)總功(gong)(gong)率越限報(bao)警;支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)惡性(xing)負載識別功(gong)(gong)能;支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)惡性(xing)負載跳(tiao)閘后(hou)自(zi)恢(hui)復設(she)置,等(deng)待恢(hui)復時間和可恢(hui)復次(ci)數可設(she)置,達到賒欠上限后(hou)強(qiang)制斷電(dian);

  16.負荷保護(hu)功能:支(zhi)(zhi)持總功率(lv)越(yue)限報警;支(zhi)(zhi)持惡(e)性(xing)負載(zai)識(shi)別功能;支(zhi)(zhi)持惡(e)性(xing)負載(zai)跳(tiao)閘后(hou)自恢(hui)復(fu)(fu)(fu)設置,等待恢(hui)復(fu)(fu)(fu)時間和可恢(hui)復(fu)(fu)(fu)次數可設置,達到賒欠(qian)上(shang)限后(hou)強制斷電(dian);

  17.強(qiang)控(kong)功能:電表可(ke)實現(xian)人為強(qiang)制控(kong)功能,可(ke)在線(xian)路出現(xian)異(yi)常(chang)故障后,人為操縱分合閘狀態。

  四、結束語

  新(xin)能源(yuan)有序參與電力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)交易(yi)將(jiang)是大勢所趨。建設(she)**統(tong)一(yi)電力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)體(ti)系的(de)另(ling)一(yi)項重要任務是構(gou)建適(shi)應新(xin)型電力系統(tong)的(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)機制,提升電力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)對高(gao)比例(li)新(xin)能源(yuan)的(de)適(shi)應性(xing)。隨著新(xin)能源(yuan)逐(zhu)(zhu)步由發(fa)(fa)電裝(zhuang)機增量(liang)主體(ti)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)為存量(liang)主體(ti),鼓(gu)勵支(zhi)持其持續發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)手(shou)段將(jiang)逐(zhu)(zhu)步由政策(ce)轉向市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)。

  我司也(ye)積*響應電(dian)改政(zheng)策(ce),及時推出相(xiang)應解(jie)決方案,幫助(zhu)物業或轉供電(dian)單位(wei)應對(dui)不斷(duan)變化的電(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)行情(qing)。

  五、參考文獻

  [1]〔2015〕9號《中(zhong)共中(zhong)央國務院關于進一(yi)步(bu)深(shen)化電力體(ti)制改革的(de)若干(gan)意見》

  [2]《中共中央國務院關(guan)于加快建設(she)**統一大市(shi)場的意見(jian)》

  [3]〔2022〕118號《國(guo)家(jia)發展改革委國(guo)家(jia)能源局關于加(jia)快建設**統一電力(li)市場體(ti)系的指導意見》